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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">President of the United States</span></h1>
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									<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">"POTUS" redirects here. For the political talk radio channel, see <a href="/wiki/P.O.T.U.S._(Sirius_XM)" title="P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM)">P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM)</a>.</div>
<div class="hatnote">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_(disambiguation)" title="President of the United States (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">President of the United States (disambiguation)</a>.  For a list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">List of Presidents of the United States</a>.</div>
<div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none;right:55px"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></div>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.2em; font-size:135%">President of the<br />
United States of America</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="110" height="110" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a>
<div style="padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Seal of the President of the United States">Presidential Seal</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the President of the United States of America.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png" width="120" height="83" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="651" /></a>
<div style="padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the President of the United States">Presidential Standard</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0; line-height:1.2em;">
<div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;">
<div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="image"><img alt="President Barack Obama.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg" width="220" height="275" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3356" /></a></div>
<b>Incumbent<br />
<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></b><br />
<small>since&#160;January&#160;20,&#160;2009<span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2009-01-20</span>)</span></small></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch" title="Federal government of the United States">Executive branch of the U.S. Government</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" title="Style (manner of address)">Style</a></th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" title="Mr. President (title)">Mr. President</a><br />
<small>(informal)</small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="/wiki/The_Honourable#United_States" title="The Honourable">The Honorable</a><br />
<small>(formal)</small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="/wiki/Excellency#United_States" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<small>(diplomatic, outside the U.S.)</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;">Member of</th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" title="United States Cabinet" class="mw-redirect">Cabinet</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/United_States_Domestic_Policy_Council" title="United States Domestic Policy Council">Domestic Policy Council</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Economic_Council" title="United States National Economic Council">National Economic Council</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_White_House" title="The White House" class="mw-redirect">The White House</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;">Appointer</th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;">Four years
<div style="padding-top:0.2em; font-size:80%;">renewable once</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;">Constituting instrument</th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;">Formation</th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;">March 4, 1789</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;">First holder</th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a><br />
April 30, 1789</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;">Salary</th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;">$400,000 annually <small>(2001–)</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:0; background:transparent; line-height:1.2em;">Website</th>
<td style="padding:0; line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/">The White House</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The <b>President of the United States of America</b> (<b>POTUS</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The president leads the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. The person in this position is the leader of the country which has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)#Lists" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">largest economy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures#SIPRI_Yearbook_2013_.E2.80.93_World.27s_top_15_military_spenders" title="List of countries by military expenditures">largest military</a>, with command authority over the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons#Statistics" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">largest active nuclear arsenal</a>. The president is frequently described as the most powerful person in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II of the U.S. Constitution</a> vests the executive power of the United States in the president and charges him with the execution of federal law, alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers, and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent#United_States" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. The president is further empowered to grant federal <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons and reprieves</a>, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> under extraordinary circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Since the founding of the United States, the power of the president and the federal government <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Presidency" title="Imperial Presidency">have grown substantially</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> and each modern president, despite possessing no formal legislative powers beyond signing or <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">vetoing</a> congressionally passed bills, is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of his party and the foreign and domestic policy of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The president is <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirectly elected</a> by the people through the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> to a four-year term, and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a>, adopted in 1951, prohibits anyone from ever being elected to the presidency for a third full term. It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president, or <a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</a>, for more than two years of another person's term as president. In all, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">43 individuals</a> have served 44 presidencies (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>'s two non-consecutive terms each counted) spanning 56 full four-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-the_presidency_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_presidency-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> On January 20, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">became</a> the 44th and current president. On November 6, 2012, <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012">he was re-elected</a> and is currently serving the 57th term, which ends on January 20, 2017.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Powers_and_duties"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Powers and duties</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Article_I_legislative_role"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Article I legislative role</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Article_II_executive_powers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Article II executive powers</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#War_and_foreign_affairs_powers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">War and foreign affairs powers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Administrative_powers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative powers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Juridical_powers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Juridical powers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Legislative_facilitator"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Legislative facilitator</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ceremonial_roles"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ceremonial roles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Critics_of_presidency.27s_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Critics of presidency's evolution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Selection_process"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Selection process</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Eligibility"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Eligibility</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Campaigns_and_nomination"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Campaigns and nomination</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Election_and_oath"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Election and oath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Tenure_and_term_limits"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Tenure and term limits</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Vacancy_or_disability"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Vacancy or disability</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Compensation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Compensation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Post-presidency"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Post-presidency</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Presidential_libraries"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Presidential libraries</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Timeline_of_Presidents"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline of Presidents</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Lists_relating_to_the_United_States_presidency"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lists relating to the United States presidency</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Categories"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Categories</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Articles"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Articles</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span></h2>
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<div class="adr" style="font-size:smaller"><span class="fn org country-name"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid">This article is part of a series on the<br />
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<p>In 1776, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, acting through the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, declared political independence from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. The new states, though independent of each other as <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, Congress negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> to establish a weak alliance between the states.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> As a central authority, Congress under the Articles was without any legislative power; it could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, nor any taxes or local commercial regulations enforceable upon citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> This institutional design reflected the conception of how Americans believed the deposed British system of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> ought to have functioned with respect to the royal <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a>: a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogatives</a> (<i>e.g.</i>, making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress, while severally lodging the rest within their own respective state governments. Only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1, 1781, when <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> became the final state to ratify them.</p>
<p>In 1783, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> secured independence for each of the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak, their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another, witnessed their <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> commerce preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a>, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Civil and political unrest loomed.</p>
<p>Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and Maryland at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a> in 1785, Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states, set for September 1786 in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>, with an aim toward resolving further-reaching interstate commercial antagonisms. When the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">convention</a> failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states, the Annapolis delegates called for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next spring in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> succeeded in securing <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beeman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beeman-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>When the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> did not send delegates) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers, elected annually by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive council, and countered by a strong legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> It was through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> emerged.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Powers_and_duties">Powers and duties</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Article_I_legislative_role">Article I legislative role</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg/220px-BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg/330px-BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg/440px-BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a>
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Obama signing legislation at the <a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk"><i>Resolute</i> desk</a></div>
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<p>The first power the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> confers upon the president is the <a href="/wiki/Veto#United_States" title="Veto">veto</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</a> requires any bill passed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options:</p>
<ol>
<li>Sign the legislation; the bill then becomes law.</li>
<li>Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections; the bill does not become law, unless each house of Congress votes to override the veto by a two-thirds vote.</li>
<li>Take no action. In this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation. After 10 days, not counting Sundays, two possible outcomes emerge:
<ul>
<li>If Congress is still convened, the bill becomes law.</li>
<li>If Congress has adjourned, thus preventing the return of the legislation, the bill does not become law. This latter outcome is known as the <a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</a>.</li>
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<p>In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the <a href="/wiki/Line_Item_Veto_Act_of_1996" title="Line Item Veto Act of 1996">Line Item Veto Act</a>. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Once a president had stricken the item, Congress could pass that particular item again. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In <i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._City_of_New_York" title="Clinton v. City of New York">Clinton v. City of New York</a></i>, 524 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/524/417/case.html">417</a> (1998), the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Article_II_executive_powers">Article II executive powers</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="War_and_foreign_affairs_powers">War and foreign affairs powers</span></h4>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg" width="170" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="3742" /></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div>
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<p>Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is command of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>. While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, the president has ultimate responsibility for direction and disposition of the military. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces (belonging to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>) is normally exercised through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>, with assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Combatant_Command" title="Combatant Command" class="mw-redirect">Combatant Commands</a>, as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP).<sup id="cite_ref-ucp_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucp-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> explains this in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._69" title="Federalist No. 69">Federalist No. 69</a>:</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that [the power] of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British king</a> extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which ... would appertain to the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> [Emphasis in the original.]</p>
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<p>Congress, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</a>, must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual.<sup id="cite_ref-miller-center_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-center-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws12novef-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov102_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov102-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s military move into <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in 1903,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws12novef-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws12novef-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws12novef-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> and the invasions of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> in 1983<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov101_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov101-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov100_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov100-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Along with the armed forces, the president also directs <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a>. Through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States. The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments, and negotiates treaties with other nations, which become binding on the United States when approved by two-thirds vote of the Senate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>Although not constitutionally provided, presidents also sometimes employ "executive agreements" in foreign relations. These agreements frequently regard administrative policy choices germane to executive power; for example, the extent to which either country presents an armed presence in a given area, how each country will enforce copyright treaties, or how each country will process foreign mail. However, the 20th century witnessed a vast expansion of the use of executive agreements, and critics have challenged the extent of that use as supplanting the treaty process and removing constitutionally prescribed checks and balances over the executive in foreign relations. Supporters counter that the agreements offer a pragmatic solution when the need for swift, secret, and/or concerted action arises.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_powers">Administrative powers</span></h4>
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<p>Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.</p>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i>, <b>433 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/433/425/case.html">425</a> (1977)</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a>)</div>
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<p>The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is <a href="/wiki/Take_Care_Clause" title="Take Care Clause" class="mw-redirect">constitutionally obligated</a> to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> The executive branch has over four million employees, including members of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments: an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before he takes office and 8,000 more during his term. <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassadors</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>, and other federal officers, are all appointed by a president with the "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate#Checks_and_balances" title="United States Senate">advice and consent</a>" of a majority of the Senate. When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days, the president may make <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate.</p>
<p>The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove purely executive officials at his discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> However, Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The president additionally possesses the ability to direct much of the executive branch through <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive orders</a> that are grounded in <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">federal law</a> or constitutionally granted executive power. Executive orders are reviewable by federal courts and can be superseded by federal legislation.</p>
<p>To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, Presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were eventually organized into the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President of the United States</a>. Within the Executive Office, the President's innermost layer of aides (and their assistants) are located in the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office" title="White House Office">White House Office</a>.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Juridical_powers">Juridical powers</span></h4>
<p>The president also has the power to nominate <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">federal judges</a>, including members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">United States courts of appeals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. However, these nominations do require Senate confirmation. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">U.S. district courts</a>, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a>. Presidents may also grant <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons</a> and reprieves, as is often done just before the end of a presidential term, not without controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov12-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov11_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov11-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov10_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov10-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Historically, two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>, which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>'s notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. While not enshrined in the Constitution, or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i>, 418 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/418/683/case.html">683</a> (1974), that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> attempted to use executive privilege regarding the <a href="/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal" title="Lewinsky scandal">Lewinsky scandal</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i>, 520 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/520/681/case.html">681</a> (1997), that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">legal precedent</a> that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees, but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> delivering the <a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007 State of the Union Address</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> behind him</div>
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<p>The <a href="/wiki/State_secrets_privilege" title="State secrets privilege">state secrets privilege</a> allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)" title="Discovery (law)">discovery</a> in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security. Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> refused to release military documents in the <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> trial of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> and again in <i><a href="/wiki/Totten_v._United_States" title="Totten v. United States">Totten v. United States</a></i> 92 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/105/case.html">105</a> (1876), when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reynolds" title="United States v. Reynolds">United States v. Reynolds</a></i> 345 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/345/1/case.html">1</a> (1953), where it was held to be a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> <a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">evidentiary</a> privilege.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, use of the privilege had been rare, but increasing in frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</a>'s ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_et_al._v._Jeppesen_Dataplan,_Inc." title="Mohamed et al. v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.">Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislative_facilitator">Legislative facilitator</span></h4>
<p>The Constitution's <a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility Clause</a> prevents the President (and all other executive officers) from simultaneously being a member of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. Therefore, the president cannot directly introduce <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" title="Bill (proposed law)" class="mw-redirect">legislative proposals</a> for consideration in Congress. However, the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, especially if the president's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. For example, the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally mandated, periodic reports to Congress. These reports may be either written or oral, but today are given as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" title="State of the Union address" class="mw-redirect">State of the Union address</a>, which often outlines the president's legislative proposals for the coming year.</p>
<p>In the 20th century critics began charging that too many legislative and budgetary powers have slid into the hands of presidents that should belong to Congress. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_agencies" title="List of United States federal agencies" class="mw-redirect">agencies</a> that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army of 'czars' – each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House."<sup id="cite_ref-tws28sep08_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws28sep08-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> Presidents have been criticized for making <a href="/wiki/Signing_statements" title="Signing statements" class="mw-redirect">signing statements</a> when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it.<sup id="cite_ref-tws04oct08_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws04oct08-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> This practice has been criticized by the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> as unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-tws11nov301_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11nov301-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a> wrote of an "increasingly swollen executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-tws28sep_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws28sep-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>According to <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Calling_Congress_into_extraordinary_session.3B_adjourning_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 3, Clause 2</a> of the Constitution, the president may convene either or both houses of Congress. If both houses cannot agree on a date of adjournment, the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ceremonial_roles">Ceremonial roles</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/220px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg" width="220" height="155" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/330px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/440px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="512" /></a>
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President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> throwing out the ceremonial first ball on <a href="/wiki/Opening_Day" title="Opening Day">Opening Day</a>, 1916</div>
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<p>As head of state, the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents. <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> started the tradition of throwing out the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch" title="Ceremonial first pitch">ceremonial first pitch</a> in 1910 at <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Stadium" title="Griffith Stadium">Griffith Stadium</a>, Washington, D.C., on the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Twins#Washington_Nationals.2FSenators:_1901.E2.80.931960" title="Minnesota Twins">Washington Senators</a>' <a href="/wiki/Opening_Day" title="Opening Day">Opening Day</a>. Every president since Taft, except for <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="Major League Baseball All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a>, usually with much fanfare.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> began in 1878 the first White House <a href="/wiki/White_House_Easter_Egg_Roll" title="White House Easter Egg Roll" class="mw-redirect">egg rolling</a> for local children.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1947 during the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> administration, every <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual <a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation" title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">national thanksgiving turkey presentation</a> held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesse_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesse-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> traditionally give advice to their successor during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition" title="United States presidential transition">presidential transition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_Day" title="Inauguration Day" class="mw-redirect">Inauguration Day</a> for the incoming president.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<p>During a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a <a href="/wiki/State_Arrival_Ceremony" title="State Arrival Ceremony">State Arrival Ceremony</a> held on the <a href="/wiki/South_Lawn" title="South Lawn" class="mw-redirect">South Lawn</a>, a custom begun by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> This is followed by a <a href="/wiki/White_House_State_Dinner" title="White House State Dinner" class="mw-redirect">state dinner</a> given by the president which is held in the <a href="/wiki/State_Dining_Room" title="State Dining Room">State Dining Room</a> later in the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-The_White_House_State_Dinner_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_White_House_State_Dinner-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office."<sup id="cite_ref-tws11nov304_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11nov304-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted <a href="/wiki/Photo_op" title="Photo op">photo-ops</a> of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11novjopkl-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> One critic wrote the image of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of <a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">PT 109</a><sup id="cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11novfddxs-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees."<sup id="cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws9novrfrff-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Critics_of_presidency.27s_evolution">Critics of presidency's evolution</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Presidency" title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</a></div>
<p>Most of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> expected the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, which was the first branch of government described in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>, to be the dominant branch of government; they did not expect a strong executive.<sup id="cite_ref-tws9nov09_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws9nov09-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful,<sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPnnxcvdf1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPnn5454_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> unchecked, unbalanced,<sup id="cite_ref-tws9nov07_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws9nov07-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> and "monarchist" in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-tws9nov08_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws9nov08-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> Critic <a href="/wiki/Dana_D._Nelson" title="Dana D. Nelson">Dana D. Nelson</a> believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies."<sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> She criticizes proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">unitary executive</a> for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers – such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements – that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> Activist <a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(activist)" title="Bill Wilson (activist)">Bill Wilson</a> opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule."<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov06_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov06-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Selection_process">Selection process</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/170px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" width="170" height="203" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/255px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/340px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1101" /></a>
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<a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the first President of the United States</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eligibility">Eligibility</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 5</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> sets the requirements to hold office. A president must:</p>
<ul>
<li>be a <a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause" title="Natural-born-citizen clause">natural-born citizen</a> of the United States;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>note 1<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>be at least thirty-five years old;</li>
<li>have been a permanent <a href="/wiki/Residency_(domicile)#United_States" title="Residency (domicile)">resident in the United States</a> for at least fourteen years.</li>
</ul>
<p>A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:</p>
<ul>
<li>Under the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a>, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person who serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once. Scholars disagree whether anyone no longer eligible to be elected president could be elected <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>, pursuant to the qualifications set out under the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Under <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_7:_Judgment_in_cases_of_impeachment.3B_Punishment_on_conviction" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 7</a>, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding other federal offices, including the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Under <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Participants_in_rebellion" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment</a>, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, can become president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Campaigns_and_nomination">Campaigns and nomination</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">United States presidential primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">United States presidential nominating convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" title="United States presidential election debates">United States presidential election debates</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential election</a></div>
<p>The modern presidential campaign begins before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">primary elections</a>, which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national nominating conventions</a>, where the most successful candidate is made the party's nominee for president. Typically, the party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber-stamped</a> by the convention.</p>
<p>Nominees participate in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" title="United States presidential election debates">nationally televised debates</a>, and while the debates are usually restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominees, third party candidates may be invited, such as <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> in the 1992 debates. Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a> through frequent visits and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> advertising drives.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Election_and_oath">Election and oath</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College (United States)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">Oath of office of the President of the United States</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_College_2012.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Electoral_College_2012.svg/220px-Electoral_College_2012.svg.png" width="220" height="128" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Electoral_College_2012.svg/330px-Electoral_College_2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Electoral_College_2012.svg/440px-Electoral_College_2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a>
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A map of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> showing the number of electoral votes allocated to each state following <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)#Apportionment" title="Electoral College (United States)">reapportionment</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a>; 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 overall</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The president is elected <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirectly</a>. A number of electors, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, officially select the president. On <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a>, voters in each of the states and the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> cast ballots for these electors. Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined. Generally, the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.</p>
<p>The winning slate of electors meet at its state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, to vote. They then send a record of that vote to Congress. The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president—acting in his capacity as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate#United_States" title="President of the Senate">President of the Senate</a>—and read aloud to a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session</a> of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president.</p>
<p>Pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twentieth Amendment</a>, the president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. This date, known as <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a>, marks the beginning of the four-year terms of both the president and the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">presidential oath</a>:</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>I do solemnly swear (or <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_in_law" title="Affirmation in law">affirm</a>) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Although not required, presidents have traditionally palmed a <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> while swearing the oath and have added, "So help me God!" to the end of the oath.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> Further, although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tenure_and_term_limits">Tenure and term limits</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/170px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" width="170" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/255px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/340px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> was elected to four terms before the adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment</div>
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<p>The term of office for president and vice president is four years. George Washington, the first president, set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms, which subsequent presidents followed until 1940. Before <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, attempts at a third term were encouraged by supporters of <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>; neither of these attempts succeeded. In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt declined to seek a third term, but allowed his political party to "<a href="/wiki/Draft_(politics)" title="Draft (politics)">draft</a>" him as its presidential candidate and was subsequently elected to a third term. In 1941, the United States entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944.</p>
<p>After the war, and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms, the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a> was adopted. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than half of another president's term. <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who was president when the amendment was adopted, and so by the amendment's provisions exempt from its limitation, also briefly sought a third (a second full) term before withdrawing from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952" title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952 election</a>.</p>
<p>Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> has been elected to a second term. <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> sought a second term, but were defeated. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy's assassination</a>. However, Johnson <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_1968#Johnson_withdraws" title="Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1968" class="mw-redirect">withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary</a>, surprising many Americans. <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vacancy_or_disability">Vacancy or disability</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">United States presidential line of succession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">Impeachment in the United States</a></div>
<p>Vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States#Senate" title="Impeachment in the United States">removal from office</a>.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Impeachment" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 4</a> of the Constitution allows the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> to impeach high federal officials, including the president, for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_6:_Trial_of_Impeachments" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 6</a> gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. The House has thus far impeached two presidents: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> in 1868 and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1998. Neither was subsequently convicted by the Senate; however, Johnson was acquitted by just one vote.</p>
<p>Under Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes <a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</a>, by transmitting a statement to the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate</a> stating the reasons for the transfer. The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties when he transmits, to those two officials, a written declaration stating that resumption. This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate; in 2002 and again in 2007, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>. In both cases, this was done to accommodate a medical procedure which required Bush to be sedated; both times, Bush returned to duty later the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Under Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice president, in conjunction with a majority of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>, may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.</p>
<p>The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president but does not regulate the form of such a resignation or the conditions for its validity. Pursuant to federal law, the only valid evidence of the president's resignation is a written instrument to that effect, signed by the president and delivered to the office of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> This has only occurred once, when <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> delivered a letter to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> to that effect.</p>
<p>The Constitution states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office, death or resignation of the preceding president. If the offices of president and vice president both are either vacant or have a disabled holder of that office, the next officer in the presidential line of succession, the Speaker of the House, becomes acting president. The line then extends to the president pro tempore of the Senate, followed by every member of the Cabinet <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">in a set order</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special_election" title="Special election" class="mw-redirect">Special elections</a> are never held for the office of president.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Compensation">Compensation</span></h2>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1ex 0 1ex 1ex;">
<caption><b>Presidential pay history</b></caption>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<th>Date established</th>
<th>Salary</th>
<th>Salary in 2012
<p>dollars</p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>September 24, 1789</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$25,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$673,451</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>March 3, 1873</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$50,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$992,777</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>March 4, 1909</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$75,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$1,954,850</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January 19, 1949</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$100,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$967,315</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January 20, 1969</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$200,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$1,254,610</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January 20, 2001</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$400,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$519,979</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-salary_history_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salary_history-76"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dollar_calc_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dollar_calc-77"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inflation_Calculator_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inflation_Calculator-78"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Since 2001, the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary, along with a $50,000 annual expense account, a $100,000 nontaxable travel account, and $19,000 for entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-salary_details_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salary_details-79"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-80"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1999 and went into effect in 2001.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, serves as the official place of residence for the president; he is entitled to use its staff and facilities, including medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for dry cleaning and food that he, his family, and personal guests consume; the high food bill often amazes new residents.<sup id="cite_ref-bumiller200901_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bumiller200901-81"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, is a mountain-based military camp in <a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland" title="Frederick County, Maryland">Frederick County, Maryland</a>, used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and his guests. <a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a>, located next to the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building" title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">Eisenhower Executive Office Building</a> at the White House Complex and <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Park_(Washington)" title="Lafayette Park (Washington)" class="mw-redirect">Lafayette Park</a>, is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet (6,500&#160;m<sup>2</sup>) of floor space which serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>For ground travel, the president uses the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_state_car_(United_States)" title="Presidential state car (United States)">presidential state car</a>, which is an armored <a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">limousine</a> built on a heavily modified <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USSSPRL_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSSPRL-83"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> One of two identical <a href="/wiki/Boeing_VC-25" title="Boeing VC-25">Boeing VC-25</a> aircraft, which are extensively modified versions of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>-200B airliners, serve as long distance travel for the president and are referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a></i> while the president is on board (although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the President is aboard is designated as "Air Force One" for the duration of the flight). In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup. Any civilian aircraft the President is aboard is designated <a href="/wiki/Executive_One" title="Executive One">Executive One</a> for the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-af1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-af1-84"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> The president also has a fleet of thirty-five <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> helicopters at his disposal of varying models, designated <i><a href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</a></i> when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the President is actually aboard to any would-be threats.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a> is charged with protecting the sitting president and the <a href="/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States" title="First Family of the United States" class="mw-redirect">first family</a>. As part of their protection, presidents, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">first ladies</a>, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned <a href="/wiki/Secret_Service_codename" title="Secret Service codename">Secret Service codenames</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-junior_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junior-86"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely <a href="/wiki/Encrypted" title="Encrypted" class="mw-redirect">encrypted</a>; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs-codenames_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-codenames-87"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<li class='gallerycaption'>Presidential amenities</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
<div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;">
<div style="margin:19.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG/150px-WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG" width="150" height="111" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="1196" /></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext">
<p>The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></p>
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</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
<div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;">
<div style="margin:25px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_David_1959.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Camp_David_1959.jpg/150px-Camp_David_1959.jpg" width="150" height="100" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="1228" /></a></div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a></p>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
<div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;">
<div style="margin:18.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blair_House_daylight.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Blair_House_daylight.jpg/150px-Blair_House_daylight.jpg" width="150" height="113" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a></p>
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</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
<div style="width: 185px">
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<div style="margin:23.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg/150px-GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg" width="150" height="103" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="872" /></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/Presidential_state_car_(United_States)" title="Presidential state car (United States)">Presidential state car</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
<div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;">
<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/149px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg" width="149" height="120" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1528" /></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a></p>
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</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
<div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;">
<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_One_(1970).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marine_One_%281970%29.jpg/150px-Marine_One_%281970%29.jpg" width="150" height="120" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="279" /></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</a></p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg/220px-FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg/330px-FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg/440px-FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="560" /></a>
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Presidents <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> dedicate the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library" title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</a> in 1991.</div>
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</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Group portrait of five presidential men in dark suits and ties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" width="220" height="158" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="369" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Presidents <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, with President-elect <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on January 7, 2009.</div>
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<p>Beginning in 1959, all living former presidents were granted a pension, an office, and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval. Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which was $199,700 each year in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect <a href="/wiki/Congressional_pension" title="Congressional pension">congressional pensions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Former_Presidents_Act" title="Former Presidents Act">Former Presidents Act</a>, as amended, also provides former presidents with travel funds and <a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">franking</a> privileges. Prior to 1997, all former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1997, Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office.<sup id="cite_ref-secretservice.gov_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secretservice.gov-92"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> On January 10, 2013, President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and all subsequent presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection.<sup id="cite_ref-secretservice.gov_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secretservice.gov-92"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>'s tenure as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s work on government reorganization after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, whose bid for reelection failed in 1888, was elected president again four years later in 1892. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for seventeen years, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> returned to the Senate in 1875. <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> served in the provisional <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Congress of the Confederate States">Congress of the Confederate States</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives, but died before that body first met.</p>
<p>Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events.<sup id="cite_ref-apreaction19810331_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apreaction19810331-94"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4presidentsphotos-95"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> has become a global <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> campaigner, international arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> has also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ling" title="Laura Ling">Laura Ling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euna_Lee" title="Euna Lee">Euna Lee</a>, from <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton" class="mw-redirect">Hillary</a> on her <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2008" title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008">presidential bid</a> and President Obama on his <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012" title="Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012">reelection campaign</a>.</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="text-align: center;">
<li class='gallerycaption'>Living former presidents</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/93px-Carter_cropped.jpg" width="93" height="120" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1490" /></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></b> (D)</div>
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">39th</a>, served 1977–1981</small></div>
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small style="font-size:85%;">b. 1924 (age 90)</small></div>
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</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:43_George_H.W._Bush_3x4.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/43_George_H.W._Bush_3x4.jpg/90px-43_George_H.W._Bush_3x4.jpg" width="90" height="120" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b> (R)</div>
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush" class="mw-redirect">41st</a>, served 1989–1993</small></div>
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small style="font-size:85%;">b. 1924 (age 90)</small></div>
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</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/92px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" width="92" height="120" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></b> (D)</div>
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">42nd</a>, served 1993–2001</small></div>
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small style="font-size:85%;">b. 1946 (age 68)</small></div>
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</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeWBush.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GeorgeWBush.jpg/96px-GeorgeWBush.jpg" width="96" height="120" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></b> (R)</div>
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">43rd</a>, served 2001–2009</small></div>
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small style="font-size:85%;">b. 1946 (age 68)</small></div>
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</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_libraries">Presidential libraries</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential library</a></div>
<p>Since <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, each president has created a <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">repository</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">presidential library</a> for preserving and making available his papers, records and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a>, which is run by the State of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.</p>
<p>As many presidents live for many years after leaving office, several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries, some even making arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries therefore contain the graves of the president they document, such as the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library" title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Simi_Valley,_California" title="Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley, California</a>. The graves are viewable by the general public visiting these libraries.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline_of_Presidents">Timeline of Presidents</span></h2>
<p>This is a graphical timeline listing of the <strong class="selflink">Presidents of the United States</strong>.</p>
<p><map name="timeline_db4cb5025a17a393b2295729e687e04f"></map><img usemap="#timeline_db4cb5025a17a393b2295729e687e04f" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/db4cb5025a17a393b2295729e687e04f.png" /></p>
<p><br /></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
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<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Government_of_the_United_States" title="Portal:Government of the United States">Government of the United States portal</a></td>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lists_relating_to_the_United_States_presidency">Lists relating to the United States presidency</span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">List of Presidents of the United States</a></p>
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</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Categories">Categories</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_history" title="Category:United States presidential history">Category:United States presidential history</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles">Articles</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Tippecanoe" title="Curse of Tippecanoe">Curse of Tippecanoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Presidency" title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imperial_Presidency" title="The Imperial Presidency">The Imperial Presidency</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imperiled_presidency" title="Imperiled presidency">Imperiled presidency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Program" title="Presidential $1 Coin Program">Presidential $1 Coin Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second-term_curse" title="Second-term curse">Second-term curse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession_in_fiction" title="United States presidential line of succession in fiction">United States presidential line of succession in fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office" title="White House Office">White House Office</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreign-born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency. However, this allowance has since become obsolete.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF">"How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 2, 1891.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=How+To+Address+The+President%3B+He+Is+Not+Your+Excellency+Or+Your+Honor%2C+But+Mr.+President&amp;rft.date=August+2%2C+1891&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html">"USGS Correspondence Handbook - Chapter 4"</a>. Usgs.gov. 2007-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-11-15</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Correspondence+Handbook+-+Chapter+4&amp;rft.date=2007-07-18&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fusgs-manual%2Fhandbook%2Fhb%2F431-2-h%2Fchap4.html&amp;rft.pub=Usgs.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm">"Models of Address and Salutation"</a>. Ita.doc.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Models+of+Address+and+Salutation&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ita.doc.gov%2Fita_sec%2FAddress%2520and%2520Salutation.htm&amp;rft.pub=Ita.doc.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf">HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS</a>, Protocol and Liaison Service, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">The White House Office of the Press Secretary (September 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim">"Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner"</a>. <i>WhiteHouse.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 19, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Remarks+by+President+Obama%2C+President+Mubarak%2C+His+Majesty+King+Abdullah%2C+Prime+Minister+Netanyahu+and+President+Abbas+Before+Working+Dinner&amp;rft.aulast=The+White+House+Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&amp;rft.au=The+White+House+Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&amp;rft.date=September+1%2C+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2010%2F09%2F01%2Fremarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim&amp;rft.jtitle=WhiteHouse.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020">"Exchange of Letters"</a>. Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. September 1978<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 19, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Exchange+of+Letters&amp;rft.date=September+1978&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.int%2Fwcm%2Fcontent%2Fsite%2Fpalestine%2Fcache%2Foffonce%2Fpid%2F12020&amp;rft.pub=Permanent+Observer+Mission+of+Palestine+to+the+United+Nations&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Safire, William (October 12, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/12/magazine/on-language-potus-and-flotus.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm">"On language: POTUS and FLOTUS"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. New York: The New York Times Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 11, 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=On+language%3A+POTUS+and+FLOTUS&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Safire&amp;rft.au=Safire%2C+William&amp;rft.date=October+12%2C+1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F10%2F12%2Fmagazine%2Fon-language-potus-and-flotus.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Noer, Michael; Perlroth, Nicole (November 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/world-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html">"The World's Most Powerful People"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Powerful+People&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Noer&amp;rft.au=Noer%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Perlroth%2C+Nicole&amp;rft.date=November+11%2C+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F09%2Fworld-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasentinel.net/The-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html">"The Most Powerful Man in the World is a Black Man – The Los Angeles Sentinel"</a>. Lasentinel.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=The+Most+Powerful+Man+in+the+World+is+a+Black+Man+%E2%80%93+The+Los+Angeles+Sentinel&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasentinel.net%2FThe-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html&amp;rft.pub=Lasentinel.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world">"Who should be the world's most powerful person?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London). January 3, 2008.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Who+should+be+the+world%27s+most+powerful+person%3F&amp;rft.date=January+3%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fjan%2F03%2Fuselections2008.world&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Jon Meacham (December 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/the-story-of-power.html">"Meacham: The History of Power"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Meacham%3A+The+History+of+Power&amp;rft.au=Jon+Meacham&amp;rft.aulast=Jon+Meacham&amp;rft.date=December+20%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2Fthe-story-of-power.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Fareed Zakaria (December 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/1-barack-obama.html">"The NEWSWEEK 50: Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+NEWSWEEK+50%3A+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.au=Fareed+Zakaria&amp;rft.aulast=Fareed+Zakaria&amp;rft.date=December+20%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2F1-barack-obama.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html">"Transcript of the Constitution of the United States – Official"</a>. Archives.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Transcript+of+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States+%E2%80%93+Official&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fconstitution_transcript.html&amp;rft.pub=Archives.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3038511">The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power,' Henry Jones Ford, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Vol. 5, Fifth Annual Meeting (1908)</a> Retrieved March 17, 2010.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Pfiffner, J. P. (1988). "The President's Legislative Agenda". <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> <b>499</b>: 22–35. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716288499001002">10.1177/0002716288499001002</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+President%27s+Legislative+Agenda&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Pfiffner&amp;rft.au=Pfiffner%2C+J.+P.&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716288499001002&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&amp;rft.pages=22-35&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=499" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span class="plainlinks noprint" style="font-size:smaller"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.2307.2F1045815&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/our_government/executive_branch/">Our Government • The Executive Branch</a>, The White House.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-the_presidency-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-the_presidency_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/our_government/executive_branch/">"The Executive Branch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov" class="mw-redirect">Whitehouse.gov</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 27, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=The+Executive+Branch&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Four_government%2Fexecutive_branch%2F&amp;rft.pub=Whitehouse.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice; as the 22nd and 24th presidents.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Milkis-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milkis_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milkis_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milkis_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milkis_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milkis_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milkis_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milkis_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Milkis, Sidney M.; Nelson, Michael (2008). <i>The American Presidency: Origins and Development</i> (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp.&#160;1–25. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87289-336-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87289-336-7">0-87289-336-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.aufirst=Sidney+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Milkis&amp;rft.au=Milkis%2C+Sidney+M.&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+Michael&amp;rft.btitle=The+American+Presidency%3A+Origins+and+Development&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87289-336-7&amp;rft.pages=1-25&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=CQ+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kelly-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Kelly, Alfred H.; Harbison, Winfred A.; Belz, Herman (1991). <i>The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development</i> <b>I</b> (7th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Co. pp.&#160;76–81. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-96056-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-96056-0">0-393-96056-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.au=Belz%2C+Herman&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfred+H.&amp;rft.au=Harbison%2C+Winfred+A.&amp;rft.au=Kelly%2C+Alfred+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Kelly&amp;rft.btitle=The+American+Constitution%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-393-96056-0&amp;rft.pages=76-81&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.volume=I" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Beeman-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beeman_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Beeman, Richard (2009). <i>Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-7684-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-7684-3">0-8129-7684-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.au=Beeman%2C+Richard&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Beeman&amp;rft.btitle=Plain%2C+Honest+Men%3A+The+Making+of+the+American+Constitution&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8129-7684-3&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Random+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ucp-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucp_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398">"DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a></i>. April 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 25, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=DOD+Releases+Unified+Command+Plan+2011&amp;rft.date=April+8%2C+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Freleases%2Frelease.aspx%3Freleaseid%3D14398&amp;rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Defense&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/10/164.html">§&#160;164</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2">About the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. Retrieved February 25, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton, Alexander</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa69.htm"><i>The Federalist</i> #69</a> (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-miller-center-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miller-center_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Christopher, James A.; Baker, III (July 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report">"The National War Powers Commission Report"</a> (PDF). The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 15, 2010</span>. "No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report “pursuant” to these triggering provisions."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.au=Baker%2C+III&amp;rft.au=Christopher%2C+James+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=James+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Christopher&amp;rft.btitle=The+National+War+Powers+Commission+Report&amp;rft.date=July+8%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpolicy%2Fcommissions%2Fwarpowers%2Freport&amp;rft.pub=The+Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs+at+the+University+of+Virginia&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws12novef-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html">"The Law: The President's War Powers"</a>. <i>Time</i>. June 1, 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 28, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+Law%3A+The+President%27s+War+Powers&amp;rft.date=June+1%2C+1970&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C878290%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov102-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov102_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Alison Mitchell (May 2, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html">"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I and World War II."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&amp;rft.au=Alison+Mitchell&amp;rft.aulast=Alison+Mitchell&amp;rft.date=May+2%2C+1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov101-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov101_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Alison Mitchell (May 2, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html">"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&amp;rft.au=Alison+Mitchell&amp;rft.aulast=Alison+Mitchell&amp;rft.date=May+2%2C+1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov100-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov100_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Michael R. Gordon (December 20, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article">"U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega; gunfire is heard in capital"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=U.S.+troops+move+in+panama+in+effort+to+seize+noriega%3B+gunfire+is+heard+in+capital&amp;rft.aulast=Michael+R.+Gordon&amp;rft.au=Michael+R.+Gordon&amp;rft.date=December+20%2C+1990&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1220.html%23article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii#section3">"Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution"</a>. <i>law.cornell.edu</i>. Legal Information Institute. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 7, 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Article+II%2C+Section+3%2C+U.S.+Constitution&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Farticleii%23section3&amp;rft.jtitle=law.cornell.edu&amp;rft.pub=Legal+Information+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/executive-branch">"The Executive Branch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_House" title="The White House" class="mw-redirect">The White House</a> website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 17, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+Executive+Branch&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Four-government%2Fexecutive-branch&amp;rft.jtitle=The+White+House+website&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Noel_Canning" title="National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning">National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning</a></i>, 572 U.S. __ (2014).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shurtleff v. United States</i>, 189 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/189/311/case.html">311</a> (1903); <i><a href="/wiki/Myers_v._United_States" title="Myers v. United States">Myers v. United States</a></i>, 272 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/272/52/case.html">52</a> (1926).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i>, 295 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/295/602/case.html">602</a> (1935) and <i><a href="/wiki/Morrison_v._Olson" title="Morrison v. Olson">Morrison v. Olson</a></i>, 487 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/487/654/case.html">654</a> (1988), respectively.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov12-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov12_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">David Johnston (December 24, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html">"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+6+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&amp;rft.au=David+Johnston&amp;rft.aulast=David+Johnston&amp;rft.date=December+24%2C+1992&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov11-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov11_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">David Johnston (December 24, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html">"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction.'... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+6+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&amp;rft.au=David+Johnston&amp;rft.aulast=David+Johnston&amp;rft.date=December+24%2C+1992&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov10-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov10_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Peter Eisler (March 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm">"Clinton-papers release blocked"</a>. USA TODAY<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.aulast=Peter+Eisler&amp;rft.au=Peter+Eisler&amp;rft.btitle=Clinton-papers+release+blocked&amp;rft.date=March+7%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm&amp;rft.pub=USA+TODAY&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Millhiser, Ian (June 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html">"Executive Privilege 101"</a>. Center for American Progress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.aulast=Millhiser%2C+Ian&amp;rft.au=Millhiser%2C+Ian&amp;rft.btitle=Executive+Privilege+101&amp;rft.date=June+1%2C+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Fissues%2F2010%2F06%2Fexecutive_privilege.html&amp;rft.pub=Center+for+American+Progress&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html">"Part III of the opinion in <i>Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan</i>"</a>. Caselaw.findlaw.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 29, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Part+III+of+the+opinion+in+Mohamed+v.+Jeppesen+Dataplan&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.findlaw.com%2Fus-9th-circuit%2F1537579.html&amp;rft.pub=Caselaw.findlaw.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ACS-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACS_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACS_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Frost, Amanda; Florence, Justin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acslaw.org/Advance%20Spring%2009/Reforming%20the%20State%20Secrets%20Privilege.pdf">"Reforming the State Secrets Privilege"</a>. American Constitution Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.aufirst=Amanda&amp;rft.au=Florence%2C+Justin&amp;rft.au=Frost%2C+Amanda&amp;rft.aulast=Frost&amp;rft.btitle=Reforming+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acslaw.org%2FAdvance%2520Spring%252009%2FReforming%2520the%2520State%2520Secrets%2520Privilege.pdf&amp;rft.pub=American+Constitution+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Weaver, William G.; Pallitto, Robert M. (2005). "State Secrets and Executive Power". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (The Academy of Political Science) <b>120</b> (1): 85–112. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x">10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x</a>. "Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=State+Secrets+and+Executive+Power&amp;rft.aufirst=William+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Weaver&amp;rft.au=Pallitto%2C+Robert+M.&amp;rft.au=Weaver%2C+William+G.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&amp;rft.pages=85-112&amp;rft.pub=The+Academy+of+Political+Science&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=120" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Savage, Charlie (September 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html">"Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Court+Dismisses+a+Case+Asserting+Torture+by+C.I.A&amp;rft.aufirst=Charlie&amp;rft.aulast=Savage&amp;rft.au=Savage%2C+Charlie&amp;rft.date=September+8%2C+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F09%2Fus%2F09secrets.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Finn, Peter (September 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090807334.html">"Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Suit+dismissed+against+firm+in+CIA+rendition+case&amp;rft.au=Finn%2C+Peter&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Finn&amp;rft.date=September+9%2C+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F09%2F08%2FAR2010090807334.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Greenwald, Glenn (February 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/02/10/obama">"The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position"</a>. <i>Salon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+180-degree+reversal+of+Obama%27s+State+Secrets+position&amp;rft.au=Greenwald%2C+Glenn&amp;rft.aulast=Greenwald%2C+Glenn&amp;rft.date=February+10%2C+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fglenn_greenwald%2F2009%2F02%2F10%2Fobama&amp;rft.jtitle=Salon&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">American Civil Liberties Union (January 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aclu.org/national-security/background-state-secrets-privilege">"Background on the State Secrets Privilege"</a>. ACLU<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.au=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&amp;rft.aulast=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&amp;rft.btitle=Background+on+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&amp;rft.date=January+31%2C+2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fnational-security%2Fbackground-state-secrets-privilege&amp;rft.pub=ACLU&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws28sep08-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws28sep08_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Eric Cantor (July 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html">"Obama's 32 Czars"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 28, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Obama%27s+32+Czars&amp;rft.au=Eric+Cantor&amp;rft.aulast=Eric+Cantor&amp;rft.date=July+30%2C+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F07%2F29%2FAR2009072902624.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws04oct08-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws04oct08_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Dana D. Nelson (October 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story">"The 'unitary executive' question"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 4, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+%27unitary+executive%27+question&amp;rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&amp;rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&amp;rft.date=October+11%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fla-oe-nelson11-2008oct11%2C0%2C224216.story&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws11nov301-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11nov301_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Transcript – Ray Suarez and others (July 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html">"President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns"</a>. PBS Online NewsHour<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "The American Bar Association said President Bush's use of "signing statements," which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions, disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers. Legal experts discuss the implications."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.aulast=Transcript+%E2%80%93+Ray+Suarez+and+others&amp;rft.au=Transcript+%E2%80%93+Ray+Suarez+and+others&amp;rft.btitle=President%27s+Use+of+%27Signing+Statements%27+Raises+Constitutional+Concerns&amp;rft.date=July+24%2C+2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fwhite_house%2Fjuly-dec06%2Fsigning_07-24.html&amp;rft.pub=PBS+Online+NewsHour&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws28sep-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws28sep_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">George F. Will – op-ed columnist (December 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121902929.html">"Making Congress Moot"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 28, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Making+Congress+Moot&amp;rft.au=George+F.+Will+%E2%80%93+op-ed+columnist&amp;rft.aulast=George+F.+Will+%E2%80%93+op-ed+columnist&amp;rft.date=December+21%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2FAR2008121902929.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Duggan, Paul (April 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/01/AR2007040101262.html">"Balking at the First Pitch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p.&#160;A01.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Balking+at+the+First+Pitch&amp;rft.au=Duggan%2C+Paul&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Duggan&amp;rft.date=April+2%2C+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F04%2F01%2FAR2007040101262.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.pages=A01&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Grier, Peter (April 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/DC-Decoder/2011/0425/The-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll">"The (not so) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 6, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+%28not+so%29+secret+history+of+the+White+House+Easter+Egg+Roll&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Grier%2C+Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Grier&amp;rft.date=April+25%2C+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2FDC-Decoder%2F2011%2F0425%2FThe-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hesse-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hesse_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Hesse, Monica (November 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/20/AR2007112002331_4.html?sub=AR&amp;sid=ST2007112002354">"Turkey Pardons, The Stuffing of Historic Legend"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 14, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Turkey+Pardons%2C+The+Stuffing+of+Historic+Legend&amp;rft.aufirst=Monica&amp;rft.au=Hesse%2C+Monica&amp;rft.aulast=Hesse&amp;rft.date=November+21%2C+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F11%2F20%2FAR2007112002331_4.html%3Fsub%3DAR%26sid%3DST2007112002354&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Gibbs, Nancy (November 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1858896,00.html">"How Presidents Pass The Torch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" title="Time magazine" class="mw-redirect">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 6, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=How+Presidents+Pass+The+Torch&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy&amp;rft.au=Gibbs%2C+Nancy&amp;rft.aulast=Gibbs&amp;rft.date=November+13%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1858896%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Dorning, Mike (January 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/news/1232616798110550.xml&amp;coll=2">"A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 6, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=A+note+from+Bush+starts+morning+in+the+Oval+Office&amp;rft.au=Dorning%2C+Mike&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft.aulast=Dorning&amp;rft.date=January+22%2C+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fnews%2Fplaindealer%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1232616798110550.xml%26coll%3D2&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">James A. Abbott and Elaine M. Rice (1998). <i>Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration</i>. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp.&#160;9–10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-02532-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-02532-7">0-442-02532-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.au=James+A.+Abbott+and+Elaine+M.+Rice&amp;rft.aulast=James+A.+Abbott+and+Elaine+M.+Rice&amp;rft.btitle=Designing+Camelot%3A+The+Kennedy+White+House+Restoration&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-442-02532-7&amp;rft.pages=9-10&amp;rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-The_White_House_State_Dinner-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_White_House_State_Dinner_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_press/press_archives/whha_info-statedinner.pdf">"The White House State Dinner"</a>. <i>The White House Historical Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 14, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+White+House+State+Dinner&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fwhha_press%2Fpress_archives%2Fwhha_info-statedinner.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=The+White+House+Historical+Association&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws11nov304-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11nov304_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Rachel Dykoski (November 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/29/book-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html?mini=eventcalendar/2009/02/all">"Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. Twin Cities Daily Planet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership..."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.aulast=Rachel+Dykoski&amp;rft.au=Rachel+Dykoski&amp;rft.btitle=Book+note%3A+Presidential+idolatry+is+%22Bad+for+Democracy%22&amp;rft.date=November+1%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcdailyplanet.net%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F29%2Fbook-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html%3Fmini%3Deventcalendar%2F2009%2F02%2Fall&amp;rft.pub=Twin+Cities+Daily+Planet&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws11novjopkl-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">John Neffinger (April 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-neffinger/democrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html">"Democrats vs. <i>Science</i>: Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "...back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from carefully-staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl...for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Democrats+vs.+Science%3A+Why+We%27re+So+Damn+Good+at+Losing+Elections&amp;rft.au=John+Neffinger&amp;rft.aulast=John+Neffinger&amp;rft.date=April+2%2C+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjohn-neffinger%2Fdemocrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws11novfddxs-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Dana_D._Nelson" title="Dana D. Nelson">Dana D. Nelson</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&amp;pg=PA57&amp;lpg=PA57&amp;dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=BQX6dXpTNw&amp;sig=qbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=ZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=3&amp;ved=0CA8Q6AEwAg#v=snippet&amp;q=kennedy&amp;f=false">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6">978-0-8166-5677-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II, when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese..."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&amp;rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&amp;rft.btitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26pg%3DPA57%26lpg%3DPA57%26dq%3Dkennedy%2Bimage%2Bnelson%2B%2522bad%2Bfor%2Bdemocracy%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DBQX6dXpTNw%26sig%3Dqbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D3%26ved%3D0CA8Q6AEwAg%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dkennedy%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&amp;rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Dana D. Nelson (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&amp;dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&amp;q=kennedy#v=snippet&amp;q=kennedy&amp;f=false">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6">978-0-8166-5677-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "Even before Kennedy ran for Congress, he had become fascinated, through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits, with the idea of image... (p.54)"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&amp;rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&amp;rft.btitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26dq%3Dkennedy%2Bimage%2Bnelson%2B%2522bad%2Bfor%2Bdemocracy%2522%26q%3Dkennedy%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dkennedy%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&amp;rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws9novrfrff-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Lexington (July 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2009/07/the_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm">"The Cult of the Presidency"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises, voters swiftly become disillusioned. Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+the+Presidency&amp;rft.aulast=Lexington&amp;rft.au=Lexington&amp;rft.date=July+21%2C+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Flexington%2F2009%2F07%2Fthe_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws9nov09-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws9nov09_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) (July 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html">"Unchecked and Unbalanced"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "the founding fathers had 'scant affection for strong executives' like England’s king, and ... Bush White House’s claims are rooted in ideas “about the ‘divine’ right of kings” ... and that certainly did not find their 'way into our founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.'"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Unchecked+and+Unbalanced&amp;rft.aulast=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&amp;rft.au=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&amp;rft.date=July+6%2C+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F06%2Fbooks%2F06book.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsSEPnnxcvdf1_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-sirota/the-conquest-of-president_b_120582.html">"The Conquest of Presidentialism"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. August 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 20, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+Presidentialism&amp;rft.date=August+22%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-sirota%2Fthe-conquest-of-president_b_120582.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsSEPnn5454_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">interview by David Schimke (September–October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/Presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx">"Presidential Power to the People – Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch"</a>. <i>Utne Reader</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 20, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Presidential+Power+to+the+People+%E2%80%93+Author+Dana+D.+Nelson+on+why+democracy+demands+that+the+next+president+be+taken+down+a+notch&amp;rft.au=interview+by+David+Schimke&amp;rft.aulast=interview+by+David+Schimke&amp;rft.date=September-October+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utne.com%2F2008-09-01%2FPolitics%2FPresidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx&amp;rft.jtitle=Utne+Reader&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws9nov07-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws9nov07_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Ross Linker (September 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.www.jhunewsletter.com/media/storage/paper932/news/2007/09/27/NewsFeatures/Critical.Of.Presidency.Prof.Ginsberg.And.Crenson.Unite-2997235.shtml">"Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite"</a>. The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.aulast=Ross+Linker&amp;rft.au=Ross+Linker&amp;rft.btitle=Critical+of+Presidency%2C+Prof.+Ginsberg+and+Crenson+unite&amp;rft.date=September+27%2C+2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.www.jhunewsletter.com%2Fmedia%2Fstorage%2Fpaper932%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F27%2FNewsFeatures%2FCritical.Of.Presidency.Prof.Ginsberg.And.Crenson.Unite-2997235.shtml&amp;rft.pub=The+Johns-Hopkins+Newsletter&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws9nov08-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws9nov08_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) (July 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html">"Unchecked and Unbalanced"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "UNCHECKED AND UNBALANCED: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq (authors)"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Unchecked+and+Unbalanced&amp;rft.aulast=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&amp;rft.au=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&amp;rft.date=July+6%2C+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F06%2Fbooks%2F06book.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Dana D. Nelson (October 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story">"Opinion–The 'unitary executive' question – What do McCain and Obama think of the concept?"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 21, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Opinion%E2%80%93The+%27unitary+executive%27+question+%E2%80%93+What+do+McCain+and+Obama+think+of+the+concept%3F&amp;rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&amp;rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&amp;rft.date=October+11%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fla-oe-nelson11-2008oct11%2C0%2C224216.story&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov06-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov06_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Scott Shane (September 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/us/politics/26activist.html">"A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "There is the small, minority-owned firm with deep ties to President Obama’s Chicago backers, made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals. 'I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them,' Mr. Wilson, the group’s president, tells his eager researchers."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=A+Critic+Finds+Obama+Policies+a+Perfect+Target&amp;rft.aulast=Scott+Shane&amp;rft.au=Scott+Shane&amp;rft.date=September+25%2C+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F26%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F26activist.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <span class="citation journal">Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". <i>Minnesota Law Review</i> (Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Law Review) <b>83</b> (565).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+Twice+and+Future+President%3A+Constitutional+Interstices+and+the+Twenty-Second+Amendment&amp;rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&amp;rft.au=Gant%2C+Scott+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Peabody&amp;rft.au=Peabody%2C+Bruce+G.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=565&amp;rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Law+Review&amp;rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&amp;rft.pub=Minnesota+Law+Review&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>; alternatively, see: <span class="citation journal">Albert, Richard (2005). "The Evolving Vice Presidency". <i>Temple Law Review</i> (Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_System_of_Higher_Education" title="Commonwealth System of Higher Education">Commonwealth System of Higher Education</a>) <b>78</b> (811, at 856–9).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Vice+Presidency&amp;rft.au=Albert%2C+Richard&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Albert&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=811%2C+at+856%E2%80%939&amp;rft.jtitle=Temple+Law+Review&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;rft.pub=Temple+University+of+the+Commonwealth+System+of+Higher+Education&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=78" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/browse2002.html#2002">GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution, 2002 Ed.</a>, at 611 &amp; nn. 772–773.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Const. art. II, § 1, cl. 8.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28663712/ns/politics-inauguration/t/judge-doesnt-ban-god-inaugural-oath/">"Judge doesn't ban "God" in inaugural oath"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. January 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 18, 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Judge+doesn%27t+ban+%22God%22+in+inaugural+oath&amp;rft.date=January+15%2C+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F28663712%2Fns%2Fpolitics-inauguration%2Ft%2Fjudge-doesnt-ban-god-inaugural-oath%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardian, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jul/20/usa.dickcheney">Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge</a>", July 20, 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 3 of the United States Code">3 U.S.C.</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/3/20.html">§&#160;20</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-salary_history-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-salary_history_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606213444/http://www.lib.umich.edu/node/11736/">"Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries, 1789+"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umich.edu/node/11736/">the original</a> on June 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 7, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Presidential+and+Vice+Presidential+Salaries%2C+1789%2B&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umich.edu%2Fnode%2F11736%2F&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dollar_calc-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dollar_calc_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/#">Relative Value in US Dollars</a>. <i>Measuring Worth</i>. Retrieved May 30, 2006.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Inflation_Calculator-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inflation_Calculator_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl#">Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator</a>. <i>Inflation Calculator</i>. Retrieved August 10, 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-salary_details-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-salary_details_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.howstuffworks.com/question449.htm">"How much does the U.S. president get paid?"</a>. <i>Howstuffworks</i>. Retrieved July 24, 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-53.pdf">Salaries of Federal Officials: A Fact Sheet</a>. <i>United States Senate</i> website. Retrieved August 6, 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-bumiller200901-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bumiller200901_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Bumiller, Elizabeth (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2009/01/president/bumiller-text">"Inside the Presidency"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 24, 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Inside+the+Presidency&amp;rft.au=Bumiller%2C+Elizabeth&amp;rft.aulast=Bumiller%2C+Elizabeth&amp;rft.date=January+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fprint%2F2009%2F01%2Fpresident%2Fbumiller-text&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/buildingView.do?pageTypeId=17109&amp;channelPage=/ep/channel/gsaOverview.jsp&amp;channelId=-25241&amp;bid=724">"President's Guest House (includes Lee House and Blair House), Washington, DC"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 30, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=President%27s+Guest+House+%28includes+Lee+House+and+Blair+House%29%2C+Washington%2C+DC&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsa.gov%2FPortal%2Fgsa%2Fep%2FbuildingView.do%3FpageTypeId%3D17109%26channelPage%3D%2Fep%2Fchannel%2FgsaOverview.jsp%26channelId%3D-25241%26bid%3D724&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-USSSPRL-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USSSPRL_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secretservice.gov/press/GPA02-09_Limo.pdf">New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet</a> U.S. Secret Service Press Release (January 14, 2009) Retrieved on January 20, 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-af1-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-af1_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/whmo/af1.html">Air Force One</a>. White House Military Office. Retrieved June 17, 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Any <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> aircraft carrying the president will use the <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a> "Air Force One." Similarly, "<a href="/wiki/Navy_One" title="Navy One">Navy One</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Army_One" title="Army One">Army One</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_One" title="Coast Guard One">Coast Guard One</a>" are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services. "<a href="/wiki/Executive_One" title="Executive One">Executive One</a>" becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-junior-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-junior_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/eise/secret16.htm">"Junior Secret Service Program: Assignment 7. Code Names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 18, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Junior+Secret+Service+Program%3A+Assignment+7.+Code+Names&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Feise%2Fsecret16.htm&amp;rft.pub=National+Park+Service&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cbs-codenames-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbs-codenames_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/16/earlyshow/main4452073.shtml?source=RSSattr=Politics_4452073">"Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used On The Campaign Trail"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. September 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 12, 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Candidate+Code+Names+Secret+Service+Monikers+Used+On+The+Campaign+Trail&amp;rft.date=September+16%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2008%2F09%2F16%2Fearlyshow%2Fmain4452073.shtml%3Fsource%3DRSSattr%3DPolitics_4452073&amp;rft.pub=CBS&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Schwemle, Barbara L. (October 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20115.pdf">"President of the United States: Compensation"</a>. Congressional Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 10, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Schwemle&amp;rft.au=Schwemle%2C+Barbara+L.&amp;rft.btitle=President+of+the+United+States%3A+Compensation&amp;rft.date=October+17%2C+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRS20115.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toledoblade.com/Politics/2007/01/07/Former-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html">"Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blade_(newspaper)" title="The Blade (newspaper)">Toledo Blade</a></i>. January 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 22, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Former+presidents+cost+U.S.+taxpayers+big+bucks&amp;rft.date=January+7%2C+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toledoblade.com%2FPolitics%2F2007%2F01%2F07%2FFormer-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/3056.html">§&#160;3056</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html">"Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses"</a>. The Associated Press. January 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 10, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Obama+signs+bill+granting+lifetime+Secret+Service+protection+to+former+presidents+and+spouses&amp;rft.date=January+10%2C+2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses%2F2013%2F01%2F10%2Fc4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html&amp;rft.pub=The+Associated+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-secretservice.gov-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secretservice.gov_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secretservice.gov_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secretservice.gov/protection.shtml">"United States Secret Service: Protection"</a>. United States Secret Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 8, 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=United+States+Secret+Service%3A+Protection&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secretservice.gov%2Fprotection.shtml&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Secret+Service&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/10/inside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo/?page=all">"Obama signs protection bill for former presidents"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. January 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 14, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+signs+protection+bill+for+former+presidents&amp;rft.date=January+10%2C+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fjan%2F10%2Finside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-apreaction19810331-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apreaction19810331_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=bM4FAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&amp;pg=1392%2C4423618">"Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States"</a>. Associated Press. March 31, 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 11, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Shock+and+Anger+Flash+Throughout+the+United+States&amp;rft.date=March+31%2C+1981&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DTE4tAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DbM4FAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dreagan%2520assassination%25201981%26pg%3D1392%252C4423618&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4presidentsphotos-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html">"FOUR PRESIDENTS"</a>. Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 3, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=FOUR+PRESIDENTS&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reagan.utexas.edu%2Farchives%2Fphotographs%2Ffour.html&amp;rft.pub=Reagan+Presidential+Library%2C+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/RichardNixon/">Biography of Richard M. Nixon</a>, The White House.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_44_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 44 of the United States Code">44 U.S.C.</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/44/2112.html">§&#160;2112</a></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul>
<li><span class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Bumiller" title="Elisabeth Bumiller">Bumiller, Elisabeth</a> (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/president/bumiller-text">"Inside the Presidency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" title="National Geographic Magazine" class="mw-redirect">National Geographic</a></i> <b>215</b> (1): 130–149.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Inside+the+Presidency&amp;rft.au=Bumiller%2C+Elisabeth&amp;rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&amp;rft.aulast=Bumiller&amp;rft.date=January+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fpresident%2Fbumiller-text&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&amp;rft.pages=130-149&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=215" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Couch, Ernie. <i>Presidential Trivia.</i> Rutledge Hill Press. March 1, 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558534121" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55853-412-1</a></li>
<li>Lang, J. Stephen. <i>The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia.</i> Pelican Publishing. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565548779" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56554-877-9</a></li>
<li>Leo, Leonard – Taranto, James – Bennett, William J. <i>Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House.</i> Simon and Schuster. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743254333" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7432-5433-3</a></li>
<li><i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>, published by Blackwell Synergy, is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency.</li>
<li>Świątczak, Wasilewska, Iwona. <i>“The Toughest Season in the White House”: The Rhetorical Presidency and the State of the Union Address, 1953–1992.</i> Ph.D. thesis. University of Helsinki, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789515102485" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-951-51-0248-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-51-0249-2">Online version.</a></li>
<li>Waldman, Michael – Stephanopoulos, George. <i>My Fellow Americans: The Most Important Speeches of America's Presidents, from George Washington to George W. Bush.</i> Sourcebooks Trade. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1402200277" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4022-0027-7</a></li>
<li>Winder, Michael K. <i><a href="/wiki/Presidents_and_Prophets" title="Presidents and Prophets">Presidents and Prophets</a>: The Story of America's Presidents and the LDS Church</i>. Covenant Communications. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598114522" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-59811-452-2</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/President_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></div>
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<dl>
<dt>Official</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/">"Executive Office of the President"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 21, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Executive+Office+of+the+President&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fadministration%2Feop%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/president/">"White House"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=White+House&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fpresident%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Presidential histories</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/index.html">A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825</a> Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns</li>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpresidents.org/">"Life Portraits of the American Presidents"</a>. <i>C-SPAN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portraits+of+the+American+Presidents&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpresidents.org%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Companion website for the C-SPAN television series: <i>American Presidents: Life Portraits</i></li>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footnote.com/us-presidents.php">"Presidential Documents from the National Archives"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 21, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Presidential+Documents+from+the+National+Archives&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footnote.com%2Fus-presidents.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Collection of letters, portraits, photos, and other documents from the National Archives</li>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/">"The American Presidency Project"</a>. <i>UC Santa Barbara</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=UC+Santa+Barbara&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/the-us-presidents">The History Channel: US Presidents</a></li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Miscellaneous</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/index.cfm?id=600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57">"All the President's Roles"</a>. <i>Ask Gleaves</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 20, 2006</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=All+the+President%27s+Roles&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gvsu.edu%2Fhauenstein%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57&amp;rft.jtitle=Ask+Gleaves&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Article analyzing a president's many hats</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/">Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies</a> Educational site on the American presidency</li>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0768854.html">"Presidents' Occupations"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.btitle=Presidents%27+Occupations&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmonster.com%2Fipka%2FA0768854.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Listing of every President's occupations before and after becoming the Commander in Chief</li>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagrandlodge.org/mlam/presidents/index.html">"The Masonic Presidents Tour"</a>. <i>The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+Masonic+Presidents+Tour&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagrandlodge.org%2Fmlam%2Fpresidents%2Findex.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Masonic+Library+and+Museum+of+Pennsylvania&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Brief histories of the Masonic careers of Presidents who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a></li>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/">"The Presidents"</a>. <i>American Experience</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 4, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.atitle=The+Presidents&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fpresidents%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Experience&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> PBS site on the American presidency</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/index.html">Presidents of the United States: Resource Guides</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/collection.aspx">Shapell Manuscript Foundation</a> Images of documents written by U.S. presidents</li>
</ul>
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<div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div>
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<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hnum" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
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<li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li>
</ol>
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<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div>
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<div style="font-size:110%">Chief executives of the United States</div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">President</th>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">State governors</a><br />
(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">current list</a>)</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alaska" title="List of Governors of Alaska">Alaska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arizona" title="List of Governors of Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of Governors of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_California" title="List of Governors of California">California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Colorado" title="List of Governors of Colorado" class="mw-redirect">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Connecticut" title="List of Governors of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Delaware" title="List of Governors of Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" title="List of Governors of Florida">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Georgia" title="List of Governors of Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Hawaii" title="List of Governors of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Idaho" title="List of Governors of Idaho">Idaho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Illinois" title="List of Governors of Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Indiana" title="List of Governors of Indiana">Indiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Iowa" title="List of Governors of Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kansas" title="List of Governors of Kansas">Kansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kentucky" title="List of Governors of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine" title="List of Governors of Maine">Maine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maryland" title="List of Governors of Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="List of Governors of Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect">Massachusetts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Michigan" title="List of Governors of Michigan">Michigan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Minnesota" title="List of Governors of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi" title="List of Governors of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Missouri" title="List of Governors of Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Montana" title="List of Governors of Montana">Montana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nebraska" title="List of Governors of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nevada" title="List of Governors of Nevada">Nevada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Hampshire" title="List of Governors of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of Governors of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Mexico" title="List of Governors of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_York" title="List of Governors of New York">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Carolina" title="List of Governors of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Dakota" title="List of Governors of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Ohio" title="List of Governors of Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oklahoma" title="List of Governors of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oregon" title="List of Governors of Oregon">Oregon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of Governors of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of Governors of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Dakota" title="List of Governors of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of Governors of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Texas" title="List of Governors of Texas">Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Utah" title="List of Governors of Utah">Utah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Vermont" title="List of Governors of Vermont">Vermont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Virginia" title="List of Governors of Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Washington" title="List of Governors of Washington">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_West_Virginia" title="List of Governors of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wisconsin" title="List of Governors of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wyoming" title="List of Governors of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_governors_of_insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Lists of governors of insular areas of the United States">Territorial executives</a><br />
(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors#United_States_Territories_and_the_District_of_Columbia" title="List of current United States governors">current list</a>)</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_American_Samoa" title="List of governors of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Washington,_D.C." title="List of mayors of Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Guam" title="List of Governors of Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="List of Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of Governors of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="List of Governors of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a><br /></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><i>Defunct</i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_territorial_governors_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Lists of territorial governors of the United States">Pre-state territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone" title="List of Governors of the Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippine Islands</a> (until 1935)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_to_the_Philippines" title="High Commissioner to the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a> (until 1946)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial heads of Cuba" class="mw-redirect">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic#List_of_unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
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<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_US_Presidents_and_Vice_Presidents" title="Template:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:110%">Lists related to the <strong class="selflink">Presidents</strong> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice Presidents of the United States</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of Presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autobiographies_by_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of autobiographies by Presidents of the United States">Autobiographies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_birth" title="List of Presidents of the United States by date of birth">Birth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of burial places of Presidents of the United States">Burial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_death" title="List of Presidents of the United States by date of death">Death</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States">Historical rankings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidents_by_military_rank" title="List of United States Presidents by military rank">Military rank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_service" title="List of Presidents of the United States by military service">Military service</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidents_by_net_worth" title="List of United States Presidents by net worth">Net worth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Living_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Living Presidents of the United States">Number living</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office" title="List of Presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Timeline of Presidents of the United States">Timeline</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Professional careers</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots" title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">Assassination attempts and plots</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Presidents_and_control_of_Congress" title="United States Presidents and control of Congress">Control of Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Doctrines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inaugurations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by the President of the United States">International trips</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_judicial_appointments" title="List of Presidents of the United States by judicial appointments">Judicial appointments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library#List_of_presidential_libraries" title="Presidential library">Libraries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held" title="List of Presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Pardons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_political_affiliation" title="List of Presidents of the United States by political affiliation">Political affiliation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States,_sortable_by_previous_experience" title="List of Presidents of the United States, sortable by previous experience">Previous experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes" title="List of United States presidential vetoes">Vetoes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Personal life</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office" title="List of Presidents of the United States who died in office">Deaths in office</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of Presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_with_facial_hair" title="List of Presidents of the United States with facial hair">Facial hair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidential_firsts" title="List of United States Presidential firsts">Firsts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Handedness_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Handedness of Presidents of the United States">Handedness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilingual_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of multilingual Presidents of the United States">Multilingualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_name" title="List of Presidents of the United States by name">Names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_United_States_Presidents" title="List of nicknames of United States Presidents">Nicknames</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_pets" title="United States presidential pets">Pets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state" title="List of Presidents of the United States by home state">Home state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_occupation" title="List of Presidents of the United States by occupation">Previous occupation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_residences_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of residences of Presidents of the United States">Residences</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Summer_White_Houses" title="Summer White Houses" class="mw-redirect">Summer White Houses</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States">Vice presidents</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_place_of_primary_affiliation" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by place of primary affiliation">Place of primary affiliation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_religious_affiliation" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by religious affiliation">Religious affiliation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acting_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting Vice President of the United States">Vacancies</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Succession</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">Designated survivor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Line of succession</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Elections</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Popular vote margin</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">Democratic tickets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Republican tickets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_third_party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major third party presidential tickets">Third party tickets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">African American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States_who_received_at_least_one_electoral_vote" title="List of candidates for President of the United States who received at least one electoral vote">Candidates with at least one electoral vote</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice-presidential_candidates" title="List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates">Female</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_presidents_who_ran_for_office_after_leaving_the_presidency" title="List of former United States presidents who ran for office after leaving the presidency">Former presidents who ran again</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heights_of_presidents_and_presidential_candidates_of_the_United_States" title="Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States">Height</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major-party_United_States_presidential_candidates_who_lost_their_home_state" title="List of major-party United States presidential candidates who lost their home state" class="mw-redirect">Lost their home state</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Families</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States" title="First Family of the United States" class="mw-redirect">First Family</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First ladies</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of First Ladies of the United States">list</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Living_First_Ladies_of_the_United_States" title="Living First Ladies of the United States">number living</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Second Lady of the United States">Second ladies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_the_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of children of the Presidents of the United States">Children</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_relatives" title="List of U.S. presidential relatives">Relatives</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Namesakes, honors</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._presidents_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="U.S. presidents on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp appearances</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidents_on_currency" title="List of United States Presidents on currency">Currency appearances</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_named_after_U.S._Presidents" title="List of U.S. counties named after U.S. Presidents">U.S. county names</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">In fiction</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of fictional Presidents of the United States" class="mw-redirect">Presidents</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of fictional Vice Presidents of the United States">Vice Presidents</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="List of fictional United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession_in_fiction" title="United States presidential line of succession in fiction">Line of succession</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_elections&amp;action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1788%E2%80%9389" title="United States presidential election, 1788–89">1788–89</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1792" title="United States presidential election, 1792">1792</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1796" title="United States presidential election, 1796">1796</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1800" title="United States presidential election, 1800">1800</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1804" title="United States presidential election, 1804">1804</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1808" title="United States presidential election, 1808">1808</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1812" title="United States presidential election, 1812">1812</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1816" title="United States presidential election, 1816">1816</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1820" title="United States presidential election, 1820">1820</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1824" title="United States presidential election, 1824">1824</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1828" title="United States presidential election, 1828">1828</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1832" title="United States presidential election, 1832">1832</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1836" title="United States presidential election, 1836">1836</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1840" title="United States presidential election, 1840">1840</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1844" title="United States presidential election, 1844">1844</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1848" title="United States presidential election, 1848">1848</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1852" title="United States presidential election, 1852">1852</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1856" title="United States presidential election, 1856">1856</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860" title="United States presidential election, 1860">1860</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1864" title="United States presidential election, 1864">1864</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1868" title="United States presidential election, 1868">1868</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1872" title="United States presidential election, 1872">1872</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1876" title="United States presidential election, 1876">1876</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1880" title="United States presidential election, 1880">1880</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1884" title="United States presidential election, 1884">1884</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1888" title="United States presidential election, 1888">1888</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1892" title="United States presidential election, 1892">1892</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1896" title="United States presidential election, 1896">1896</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1900" title="United States presidential election, 1900">1900</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1904" title="United States presidential election, 1904">1904</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1908" title="United States presidential election, 1908">1908</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1912" title="United States presidential election, 1912">1912</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1916" title="United States presidential election, 1916">1916</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1920" title="United States presidential election, 1920">1920</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1924" title="United States presidential election, 1924">1924</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1928" title="United States presidential election, 1928">1928</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1932" title="United States presidential election, 1932">1932</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1936" title="United States presidential election, 1936">1936</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1940" title="United States presidential election, 1940">1940</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1944" title="United States presidential election, 1944">1944</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1948" title="United States presidential election, 1948">1948</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952" title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1956" title="United States presidential election, 1956">1956</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1960" title="United States presidential election, 1960">1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1964" title="United States presidential election, 1964">1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1968" title="United States presidential election, 1968">1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1972" title="United States presidential election, 1972">1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1976" title="United States presidential election, 1976">1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980" title="United States presidential election, 1980">1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1984" title="United States presidential election, 1984">1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988" title="United States presidential election, 1988">1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1992" title="United States presidential election, 1992">1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1996" title="United States presidential election, 1996">1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="United States presidential election, 2000">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2004" title="United States presidential election, 2004">2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016</a></i></li>
</ul>
<hr />
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">Electoral vote changes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_votes_by_US_state" title="List of electoral votes by US state" class="mw-redirect">Electoral votes by state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Results by Electoral College margin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Results by popular vote margin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state" title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Results by state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_the_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Presidential primaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Presidential nominating conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" title="United States presidential election debates">Election debates</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<dl>
<dt>See also</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections" title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:United States Armed Forces"><span title="View this template" style=";background-color:#B0C4DE;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:United States Armed Forces"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#B0C4DE;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_Armed_Forces&amp;action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#B0C4DE;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed Services of the United States" class="mw-redirect">Uniformed Services of the United States</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div>
<ul>
<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:United_States_Military" title="Book:United States Military">Book</a></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Military_of_the_United_States" title="Portal:Military of the United States">Portal</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Army" title="Portal:United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Portal:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Navy" title="Portal:United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Air_Force" title="Portal:United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Portal:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military of the United States">Category</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army" title="Category:United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Category:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy" title="Category:United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Category:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="Category:United States Public Health Service">PHS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="Category:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_military_navbox" title="Template:US military navbox" class="mw-redirect">Navbox</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_navbox" title="Template:US Army navbox">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox" title="Template:US Marine Corps navbox">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Navy_navbox" title="Template:US Navy navbox">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Air_Force_navbox" title="Template:US Air Force navbox">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Coast_Guard_navbox" title="Template:US Coast Guard navbox">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Leadership</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a>: <strong class="selflink">President of the United States</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>: Committees on Armed Services:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_four-star_officers" title="List of active duty United States four-star officers">Active duty four-star officers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_leaders_by_rank" title="List of United States military leaders by rank">Highest ranking officers in history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act" title="Goldwater–Nichols Act">Goldwater–Nichols Act</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Structure of the United States Armed Forces">Organization</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" title="Civilian control of the military">Service departments</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary</a>)</i>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Air Force</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary</a>)</i>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Branches</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the Marine Corps">Commandant</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Coast_Guard" title="Commandant of the Coast Guard">Commandant</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Other uniformed services</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Commissioned Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps" class="mw-redirect">NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps</a> (Director)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Reserve components</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>Reserves:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve" title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve" title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">AF</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_defense_force" title="State defense force">State defense forces</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">Civilian auxiliaries</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_Auxiliary_Radio_System" title="Military Auxiliary Radio System">Military Auxiliary Radio System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary" title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Unified_Combatant_Command" title="Unified Combatant Command">Unified Combatant Command</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command" title="United States Northern Command">Northern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_European_Command" title="United States European Command">European</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Command" title="United States Pacific Command">Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command" title="United States Southern Command">Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command" title="United States Strategic Command">Strategic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command" title="United States Transportation Command">Transportation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Structure</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">Title 10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 14 of the United States Code">Title 14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 32 of the United States Code">Title 32</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 50 of the United States Code">Title 50</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" title="List of United States military bases">Installations</a></li>
<li>Units:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military logistics of the United States">Logistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Media_of_the_military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Media of the military of the United States">Media</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Operations and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">history</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_deployments" title="United States military deployments">Current deployments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">History</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">Colonial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_affairs_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces">Civil affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistani_Americans" title="Military history of Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Sikh_Americans" title="Military history of Sikh Americans">Sikh Americans</a></li>
<li>Historiography:
<ul>
<li>A: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_detachment" title="Military history detachment">1</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division" title="United States Marine Corps History Division">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History &amp; Heritage Command">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">AF</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_official_war_artists" title="American official war artists">Art</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Art_Program" title="United States Army Art Program">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Art_Program" title="United States Air Force Art Program">AF</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Personnel</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Training</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Entrance_Processing_Command" title="United States Military Entrance Processing Command">MEPS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery" title="Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery">ASVAB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" title="Recruit training">Recruit training</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training" title="United States Army Basic Training">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training" title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois" title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training" title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Cape_May" title="United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School#United_States" title="Officer Candidate School">Officer candidate school</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">AF</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Warrant Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Basic_School#Warrant_Officer_Basic_Course_.28WOBC.29" title="The Basic School">MC</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Service_academies" title="United States Service academies" class="mw-redirect">Service academies</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">A</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Military Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">N</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Naval_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="Naval Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">AF</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">Merchant Marine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">PHS</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Junior_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Junior</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps">A</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Junior_College" title="United States Military Junior College" class="mw-redirect">MJC</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senior_Military_College" title="United States Senior Military College">SMC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">MC/N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">AF</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Education_and_Training_Campus" title="Medical Education and Training Campus">Medical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_education_and_training_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Military education and training in the United States">Other education</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniforms</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Military" title="Uniforms of the United States Military" class="mw-redirect">Uniforms</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Uniforms of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard#Uniforms" title="United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Awards and decorations of the United States military" class="mw-redirect">Awards &amp; decorations</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inter-service_awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military">Inter-service</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="Military awards of the United States Department of the Navy">MC/N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Public_Health_Service" title="Awards and decorations of the Public Health Service">PHS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="Awards and decorations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Authorized_foreign_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military">Foreign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_military_decoration_authorized_by_the_US_military" title="International military decoration authorized by the US military">International</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_award_devices" title="United States military award devices">Devices</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_badges_of_the_United_States" title="Military badges of the United States">Badges</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Identification_badges_of_the_Uniform_Services_of_the_United_States" title="Identification badges of the Uniform Services of the United States">Identification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Badges of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Badges of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Badges of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Badges of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">Ranks</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>Enlisted:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Coast Guard enlisted rates">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officers</a></li>
<li>Officer:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Army officer rank insignia">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps#Commissioned_officers" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">PHS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Officer_Corps#Commissioned_officers" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps" class="mw-redirect">NOAA</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Other</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>Oath:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_oath_of_enlistment" title="United States Armed Forces oath of enlistment">Enlistment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services_Oath_of_Office" title="United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office">Office</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Creeds &amp; Codes:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_the_United_States_Fighting_Force" title="Code of the United States Fighting Force">Code of Conduct</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer%27s_creed" title="Noncommissioned officer's creed">NCO</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed" title="Soldier's Creed">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Creed" title="Rifleman's Creed">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor's Creed">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed" title="Airman's Creed">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creed_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guardsman" title="Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Armed_Forces)" title="Service number (United States Armed Forces)">Service numbers</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Army)" title="Service number (United States Army)">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Service number (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)" title="Service number (United States Navy)">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Service number (United States Air Force)">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Coast_Guard)" title="Service number (United States Coast Guard)">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code" title="United States military occupation code">Military Occupational Specialty</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">Rating</a>/<a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code" title="Air Force Specialty Code">Air Force Specialty Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_pay" title="United States military pay">Pay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_Health_System" title="Military Health System">Military Health System</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tricare" title="Tricare">TRICARE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Separation_(United_States_military)" title="Separation (United States military)">Separation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States" title="Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States">Chiefs of Chaplains</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Equipment of the United States Armed Forces">Equipment</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Equipment of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li>MC:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment" title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">other</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Equipment of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Equipment of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Land</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Individual weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Crew-served weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces">Vehicles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_land_vehicles" title="List of currently active United States military land vehicles">active</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Sea</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_watercraft" title="List of currently active United States military watercraft">All watercraft</a></li>
<li>Ships:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of ships of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">N</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">active</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of ships of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_cutters" title="List of United States Coast Guard cutters">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Military_Sealift_Command_ships" title="List of Military Sealift Command ships">MSC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft" title="NOAA ships and aircraft">NOAA</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Weapons:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons" title="List of United States Navy weapons">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard#Small_arms" title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Aircraft:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States_(naval)" title="List of military aircraft of the United States (naval)">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard#Aircraft" title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft" title="NOAA ships and aircraft">NOAA</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Reactors</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Air</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="List of military aircraft of the United States">Aircraft</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States_(1909%E2%80%931919)" title="List of military aircraft of the United States (1909–1919)" class="mw-redirect">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">active</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="United States military aircraft designation systems">Aircraft designation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country#United_States_.28North_America.3B_NATO.29" title="List of missiles by country">Missiles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems" title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">Helicopter arms</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Other</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States" title="List of military electronics of the United States">Electronics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joint_Electronics_Type_Designation_System" title="Joint Electronics Type Designation System">designations</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">Flags</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Flag of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Flag of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Flag of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guidon_(United_States)" title="Guidon (United States)">Guidons</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_ration" title="United States military ration">Food</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">WMDs</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">Nuclear</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program" title="United States biological weapons program">Biological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._chemical_weapons_topics" title="List of U.S. chemical weapons topics">Chemical</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">
<div>
<dl>
<dt>Legend</dt>
<dd>A = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></dd>
<dd>MC = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></dd>
<dd>N = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></dd>
<dd>AF = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></dd>
<dd>CG = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></dd>
<dd>PHS = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></dd>
<dd>NOAA = <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></dd>
<dd>MSC = <a href="/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command" title="Military Sealift Command">Military Sealift Command</a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_topics&amp;action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>&#160;topics</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">Military history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions" title="United States territorial acquisitions">Territorial acquisitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954)">African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931918)#World_War_I" title="History of the United States (1865–1918)">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">Home front</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954%E2%80%9368)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)">African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (1991–present)">Post-Cold War (1991–present)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States#History_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">By topic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a>
<ul>
<li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(before_1890)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)">before 1890</a></small></li>
<li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890%E2%80%931945)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)">1890–1945</a></small></li>
<li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1946%E2%80%9391)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)">1946–91</a></small></li>
<li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(after_1991)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)">after 1991</a></small></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">Cities, towns, and villages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">Counties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="Extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">Peaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Park System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_States" title="Pacific States">Pacific</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">Rivers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" title="United States territory">Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><b><strong class="selflink">President</strong></b>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a></b>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tem</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Judiciary</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal judiciary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">Civil liberties</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reporter" title="Federal Reporter">Federal Reporter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">United States Reports</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Office of the Director of National Intelligence" class="mw-redirect">Office of the Director of National Intelligence</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps" class="mw-redirect">NOAA Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" title="Political divisions of the United States">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local governments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" title="Third party (United States)">Third parties</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">51st state</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">Political status of Puerto Rico</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Purple_America" title="Purple America">Purple America</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State governments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Economic issues in the United States">Economic issues</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States" title="List of companies of the United States">Companies</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Dollar <small style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal Budget</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Society</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" title="Cuisine of the United States">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Family_structure_in_the_United_States" title="Family structure in the United States">Family structure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Health care in the United States">Health care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">Incarceration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States" title="Media of the United States">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_the_United_States" title="Theater of the United States">Theater</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Professional_and_working_class_conflict_in_the_United_States" title="Professional and working class conflict in the United States">Professional and working class conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_the_United_States" title="Smoking in the United States">Smoking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth in the United States">Wealth</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">Affirmative action</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">Drug policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Health care reform in the United States">Health care reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li>
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													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li>
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													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Sambandsr%C3%ADki_Amerika" title="Forseti Sambandsríki Amerika – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Président des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidint_fan_de_Feriene_Steaten" title="Presidint fan de Feriene Steaten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uachtar%C3%A1n_na_St%C3%A1t_Aontaithe" title="Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li>
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													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentes_dos_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Presidentes dos Estados Unidos de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="미국의 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_iti_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente iti Estados Unidos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Forseti Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Presidente degli Stati Uniti d&#039;America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נשיא ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="აშშ-ის პრეზიდენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96" title="АҚШ президенті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais_wa_Marekani" title="Rais wa Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_prezidents" title="ASV prezidents – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Amerikos_Valstij%C5%B3_prezidentas" title="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_eln%C3%B6ke" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok elnöke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95" title="അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകളുടെ പ്രസിഡണ്ടുമാരുടെ പട്ടിക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="अमेरिकेचे राष्ट्राध्यक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ააშ-იშ პრეზიდენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მარგალური</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Presiden Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="President van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="アメリカ合衆国大統領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_president" title="USAs president – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_i_USA" title="President i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href="//nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_d%27s_%C3%8Atats_Unnis" title="Président d&#039;s Êtats Unnis – Nouormand" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm">Nouormand</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_dels_Estats_Units_d%27America" title="President dels Estats Units d&#039;America – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSh_Prezidenti" title="AQSh Prezidenti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydent_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Prezydent Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edinte_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Președinte al Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Президент США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses_o_the_Unitit_States" title="Preses o the Unitit States – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryetari_i_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara" title="Kryetari i Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisidenti_d%C3%AE_Stati_Uniti" title="Prisidenti dî Stati Uniti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov" title="Prezident Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsednik_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Predsednik Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Председник Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_presidentti" title="Yhdysvaltain presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li>
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													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="АКШ президенты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐอเมริกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_Ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Президент США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%81" title="صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li>
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													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangulo_han_Estados_Unidos" title="Mangulo han Estados Unidos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F" title="פרעזידענט פון די פאראייניגטע שטאטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%C3%A0r%E1%BA%B9_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Am%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="美國總統 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li>
													<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="美国总统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li>
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